On the Interpretation of Measurement within the Quantum Theory was published in The Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics on page 219. Introduction. Sci. (3) The subject-object distinction is blurred. Phys. Mod. Rev. W. M. Elsasser,The Physical Foundation of Biology (Pergamon Press, New York and London, 1958). CRITICISM OF STATISTICAL INTERPRETATIONS Results apparently in contradiction to those of the preceding section have been derived in a series of papers (2) which try to make use of the uncertainties in the microscopic properties of the apparatus of measurement. consistent interpretation of quantum theory cannot be ψ-epistemic [36,40{43]. Such collapse is a useful rule to do calculation but it is only a fiction. In the double slit experiments, the wavefunction splits between the two […] We focus on the meaning that our interpretation of quantum theory assigns to the sorts of density matrices that arise due to entanglement. 33, 537 (1965); B. Jancovici and D. Schiff,Nucl. Overview of the interpretation. Erik Deumens, in Advances in Quantum Chemistry, 1999. Acta Experiments with macroscopic devices involve measurement theory, which most physicist agree is the most difficult and least understood part of QM.. G. Ludwig,Die Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik (Berlin, 1954), p. 122 ff.;Z. On the interpretation of measurement in quantum theory. Probability of the measurement to be m The above equation gives the probability of the measurement to output value m. %��������� November 2020 Any realist interpretation of quantum theory must grapple with the measurement problem and the status of state-vector collapse. Rev. The entire system including the apparatus and even the mind of the observer can be considered to develop according to the Schrodinger equation. the quantum measurement problem David Wallace November 10, 2018 ... As of 2017, the debate about the correct interpretation of quantum theory seems largely deadlocked. In interpretation of the process of measurement is proposed which can be placed wholly within the quantum theory. (RR) J. von Neumann,Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik (Springer, Berlin, 1932) [English translation: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J., 1955)]. 29, 463 (1957). 47, 777 (1935); D. Bohm and Y. Aharonov,Phys. Foundations of Physics Phys. Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory and the Measurement Problem Martin Kober∗ Institut fu¨r Theoretische Physik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universit¨at, Max-von-Laue-Str. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, You can also search for this author in Because the GRW theory makes different predictions from orthodox quantum mechanics in some conditions, it is not an interpretation of quantum mechanics in a strict sense. Good, ed. It is demonstrated that neither the arguments leading to inconsistencies in the description of quantum-mechanical measurement nor those “explaining” the process of measurement by means of thermodynamical statistics are valid. Within the ontological models formalism3, ψ-epistemic models can be given a precise mathematical The strange (hi)story of particles and waves - This review article on the interpretation of quantum theory is regularly updated here and (less often) at arxiv:1304.1003. According to classicalphysics, the intensity of this continuous radiation would growunlimitedly with growing frequencies, resulting in what was called theultraviolet catastrophe. Since the entire measurement system is entangled (by quantum entanglement), the collapse of a single particle initiates the collapse of the entire measurement apparatus. Only if one can interpret a quantum measurement as an interaction between an instrument and an object, whose state is literally represented by Schrödinger’s wave function, and therefore taken to contain all potential values of observation, does it make sense to claim that the measurement forces the object to manifest one of these potential vales. In this book the authors give within the Hilbert space formulation of quantum mechanics a systematic exposition of the quantum theory of measurement. An interpretation of the process of measurement is proposed which can be placed wholly within the quantum theory. 88, 101 (1952); E. P. Wigner and M. M. Yanase,Proc. Back Matter. Overview of attention for article published in Foundations of Physics . Title: On the interpretation of measurement in quantum theory Author: Heinrich Paes-neuneu Created Date: 5/10/2016 4:59:51 PM Found Phys 1, 69–76 (1970). After a measurement is made, the wavefunction collapses, giving the particle a definite value for the measured quantity. When an experimentalist does a measurement on a quantum system, the system interacts with the experimental equipment, which is an external physical system. Phys. Quantum Theory and Measurement Edited by John Archibald Wheeler and Wojciech Hubert Zurek Princeton Series in Physics Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey 1983 . Its v15 was published in Z. Natf. 48B, 144 (1967); G. Ludwig, inWerner Heisenberg und die Physik unserer Zeit (Braunschweig, 1961). 38, 453 (1966). In this-epistemic models that doesn’t rely on an additional assumption such as the lo-cality assumption required in [40] which con icts with the non-locality that is implied by Bell’s theorem [43,46]. Phys. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. Epistemic interpretations of quantum theory have a measurement problem ... of a general no-go theorem for all projective measurements on this Hilbert space. J. S. Bell,Rev. In this section, we shall review quantum language (i.e., the linguistic Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, or measurement theory), which has the following form: Quantumlanguage (= measurementtheory) = measurement (Axiom 1) + causality (Axiom 2) + linguistic(Copenhagen)interpretation (how to use Axioms 1 and 2) (1) Instead, it is argued that the probability interpretation is compatible with an objective interpretation of the wave function. Mod. (1) Invalid classical concepts are ascribed fundamental status. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Under the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, each particle is individually in an uncertain state until it is measured, at which point the state of that particle becomes certain. Immediate online access to all issues from 2019. The Quantum Theory of Measurement 539 Other topics covered in this chapter include information theoretical aspects of measurements, measurement dynamics, limitations on measurability, ideal and non-ideal measurement, repeatable measurement and continuous observables, and preparation and determination of states. Some of the most influential physicists and philosophers working on EQM have either taken it as fact (DeWitt 1970) or explicitly argued (Deutsch 2010; Wallace 2012) that there is only one “interpretation” of EQM: some version of the many worlds interpretation [MWI]. : USDOE OSTI Identifier: … R. J. Glauber,Phys. 44B, 119 (1966); L. Rosenfeld,Progr. 138, B274 (1965). 122, 345 (1961). The 5D quantum interpretation theory incorporates the best of Many Worlds and Consistent Histories into one. 2.7 Solution: reference points from a journey. Pages 91-130. D. Bohm,Quantum Theory (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1951). The inability to observe such a collapse directly has given rise to different interpretations of quantum mechanics and poses a key set of questions that each interpretation must answer. Consequently, the quantum system is no longer closed. Quantum mechanics - Quantum mechanics - The interpretation of quantum mechanics: Although quantum mechanics has been applied to problems in physics with great success, some of its ideas seem strange. 33, 711 (1960). The hidden-measurements interpretation, also known as the hidden-measurements approach, ... Landé turned energetically against the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory, requiring, as did Einstein, an objectively real description of physical processes. J. Phys. The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics (TIQM) takes the psi and psi* wave functions of the standard quantum formalism to be retarded (forward in time) and advanced (backward in time) waves that form a quantum interaction as a Wheeler–Feynman handshake or transaction. Physik gH��FIQ,��w{v��[��sK8d�Nx�qS��s�˄u���������]Ze:��[ila�z�ȇ��M9�]�H�"�EAd��%i�F ��é�wu{�����M�JR�)�ejS=�XߍN��� �����8U��Ӫ#����V�J�����"M��,��eC����k�|�m�!Q��Ʒ�Б�}l�a�x�����|��1�r�(a1�z�:4�?�r���*����X�K�w�x����ۍ^���i:�?H^�����>$�,Z���+b����_�2���>Fp�f�Ļ�͛-~n��uwh�z�i��oM��%7������C����'�c� �����vUK�z%�\u(��2\� Instead, it is argued that the probability interpretation is compatible with an objective interpretation of the wave function. (Heinemann, London, 1962), p. 284. The Measurement Process in the Individual Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics %PDF-1.3 This variety appears clearly in measurement theory, which is a necessary part of any consistent description of physical phenomena on the quantum level. At that exact same moment, the other particle's state also becomes certain. Any realist interpretation of quantum theory must grapple with the measurement problem and the status of state-vector collapse. But Planck’s suggestion was that ifblack bodies only exchange energy with the radiation field in aproportion equal to hν that pro… )4, 828 (1966); T. Earman and A. Shimony,Nuovo Cimento In particular, it describes a measurement as a unitary transformation, without using a collapse postulate, and describes observers as ordinary quantum-mechanical systems. Foundations of quantum theory. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00708656, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in 58, 678 (1964); C. L. Mehta and E. C. G. Sudarshan,Phys. The usual interpretation of quantum theory is clouded by the following points. Rat… have much to learn about the nature of measurement and the mechanism of collapse. Natl. A major motivation for this view is the promise to provide a reasonable account of state update under measurement by asserting that it is simply a natural feature of updating incomplete statistical information. Von Neumann’s (1927, 1932) measurement theory is. The fact that quantum probabilities can be expressed as the squares of quantum amplitudes'' is thus derived in a natural manner, and a series of natural generalizations of the quantum formalism is delineated. The measurement process is determined by their interaction and is described by a unitary evolution operator. Phys. Phys. It is demonstrated that neither the arguments leading to inconsistencies in the description of quantum-mechanical measurement nor those “explaining” the process of measurement by means of thermodynamical statistics are valid. The next weaker sum-rule defines a {\it generalized measure theory} which includes quantum mechanics as a special case. 29, 269 (1957); Y. Nambu and G. Jona-Lasinio,Phys. Traditionally, because of the history of the discovery of QM, experience has been equated to experiments. (2) The process of measurement is not describable within the framework of the theory. The orthodox view reflects a radical departure from the traditional attitude in the analysis of the external world, an attitude of mind inherited from the rationalistic tradition. Conclusion. x�\M�����@�DWE4f�9&�c�;��*��\�6 �@R�r�o������AC�\%��z��u�D?Do�,��"J��h��g&��2�L�2�o�]�U�/cʲ�q�t%~E�]�"ʬÿ�V��o̒���1Z|�?�ձٷ���h�K���� ⥉�"Z�y(�J" �� �+L�_"�����yhև�i��IH�\���c�W��f�Lz�Q�}�C��.L�.%���Kջ��ؔ2Ba��Q On the interpretation of measurement in quantum theory. Mod. A. Einstein, N. Rosen, and B. Podolski,Phys. In quantum mechanics, the measurement problem considers how, or whether, wave function collapse occurs. In this paper, we shall show how the theory of measurements is to be understood from the point of view of a physical interpretation of the quantum theory in terms of "hidden" variables, developed in a previous paper. Rev. Pages 139-182. Any realist interpretation of quantum theory must grapple with the measurement problem and the status of state-vector collapse. 31, 6 (1963); B. d'Espagnat,Nuovo Cimento (Suppl. E. P. Wigner,Am. Authors: Zeh, H D Publication Date: Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 1970 Research Org. This question crops up frequently in conjunction with the “Copenhagen interpretation”. We like clarity and prefer to remove all mysticism,” says Liukkonen. (4) The observed system is required to be isolated in order to be defined, yet interacting in order to be observed. This is one of the most important books on quantum mechanics to have appeared in recent years. - 91.228.154.182. The entire system including the apparatus and even the mind of the observer can be considered to develop according to the Schrödinger equation. The introduction of hidden variables to determine the outcome of individual events is fully compatible with the statistical predictions of quantum theory. INTERPRETATION OF MEASUREMENT WITHIN THE QUANTUM THEORY. (RR) One should not be misled by this terminology intothinking that what we have is an uninterpreted mathematical formalismwith no connection to the physical world. The amazing accuracy in verifying quantum effects experimentally has recently renewed interest in quantum mechanical measurement theory. Quantum theory lets us put quantitative values on the "probabilities" for each of the "possibilities." The theory is now understood as a semi-classical approximation to modern quantum mechanics. Bryce DeWitt (1923-2004) took it to be the case that th… ONTHE INTERPRETATION OF MEASUREMENT WITHIN THE QUANTUM THEORY by Leon N. Cooper and Deborah van Vechten 219 THE MEASUREMENT OFRELATIVE FREQUENCY byNeill Graham 229 . The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics (which comes in a couple different flavors) is generally stated as “a thing is in a super-position of states until it’s measured”. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Phys. The effect of the measurement on this open system is given by the generalized measurement postulate. The Measurement Statistics Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics: Possible Values and Possible Measurement Results of Physical Quantities. : Univ., Heidelberg Sponsoring Org. In this thought experiment setup, an observer (Wigner’s friend) is placed inside a lab to perform a selective measurement of a quantum system using an apparatus system. Full Record; Other Related Research; Authors: Cooper, L N; Van Vechten, D Publication Date: Wed Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 1969 Research Org. We introduce a realist, unextravagant interpretation of quantum theory that builds on the existing physical structure of the theory and allows experiments to have definite outcomes but leaves the theory's basic dynamical content essentially intact. It offers a dramatically new interpretation that resolves puzzles and paradoxes associated with the measurement problem and the behavior of coupled systems. The key idea of the many-worlds interpretation is that unitary quantum mechanics describes the whole universe. About this Attention Score In the top 25% of all research outputs scored by Altmetric. February 1995; Synthese 102(2):293-318; DOI: 10.1007/BF01089804.$\psi$-epistemic interpretations of quantum theory maintain that quantum states only represent incomplete information about the physical states of the world. 33, 297 (1962);Nuovo Cimento 54B, 332 (1968); J. M. Jauch, E. P. Wigner, and M. M. Yanase,Nuovo Cimento Rev. Despite its status as a core part of contemporary physics, there is noconsensus among physicists or philosophers of physics on the questionof what, if anything, the empirical success of quantum theory istelling us about the physical world. Measurements are less arbitrary but still so, as decoherence is a fuzzily defined concept, that keeps a margin of under-determination. CONTENTS BOHR AND EINSTEIN IN DIALOGUE v PREFACE xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND COPYRIGHT INFORMATION xxi COMMENTARIES 1.1 The Bohr-Einstein Dialogue 3 1.2 Born's Probabilistic Interpretation … About this book. On the interpretation of measurement in quantum theory. MEASUREMENT AND THE INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS AND RELATIVITY THEORY ABSTRACT. By "Copenhagen interpretation", I assume that you mean the interpretation with instantaneous "collapse" one usually encounters in an introductory quantum theory course. Such a program meets serious difficulties with quantummechanics, essentially because of two formal aspects of the theorywhich are common to all of its versions, from the originalnonrelativistic formulations of th… H. Everett,Rev. PDF. But this means that quantum theory is fundamentally statistical, meaning indeterministic and "random." Physik physics is essentially indeterministic; that particles may besomewhere without being at any particular place; that they may have energy andmomentum without having any particular value for them; and a host morenon-classical Theoret. (US) As stated already, a very natural question which all scientists whoare concerned about the meaning and the value of science have to face,is whether one can develop a coherent worldview that can accommodateour knowledge concerning natural phenomena as it is embodied in ourbest theories. W. Heisenberg,Rev. Article from link.springer.com. “The interpretation is objective and realistic, and at the same time as simple as possible. E. P. Wigner, inThe Scientist Speculates, L. J. The theory was never complete or self-consistent, but was rather a set of heuristic corrections to classical mechanics. In a no-collapse approach, measurement is typically modeled as a dynamical process involving decoherence. volume 1, pages69–76(1970)Cite this article. 131, 2766 (1963); P. Caruthers and M. M. Nieto,Am. Rev. Phys. There is a reasonable consensus within philosophy of physics on what the main viable interpretative strategies are, which goes (Suppl.) The usual axioms are shown to correspond with classes of ideal measurements… This change was driven by Landé's perception that wave-particle duality was an unnecessary misrepresentation of quantum processes … The entire system including the apparatus and even the mind of the observer can be considered to develop according to the Schrödinger equation. What typically happens is that the quantum system is correlated with the macroscopic measurement device and other environmental degrees of freedom … An interpretation of quantum mechanics is an attempt to explain how the mathematical theory of quantum mechanics "corresponds" to reality. A few of their implications are considered here. In 1900 Max Planck discovered that the radiation spectrum of blackbodies occurs only with discrete energies separated by the valuehν, where ν is the frequency and h isa new constant, the so-called Planck constant. J. M. Jauch,Helv. J. Phys. stream Measurement and the interpretation of quantum mechanics and relativity theory . Mod. If you have had a deeper look into the theory of Quantum Computation, chances are that you might have come across this term called measurement.On a top level, measurement is essentially what the figure above depicts: some operation on a qubit (some sort of superposition state of basis vectors|0> and |1>) to get a classical bit (the process of which is … On the Interpretation of Measurement in Quantum Theory 71 2. Before beginning to survey the various ways philosophers have attempted to interpret Everett, we must address the question of whether or not there even are rival interpretations of Everett. Most of the problems associated with the quantum theory of measurement are artifacts of the attempt to maintain the latter interpretation. 108, 1070 (1957). ��Ni��2�dM��ڗ�38�:��4N���t�$Q A. Wheeler,Rev. The entire system including the apparatus and even the mind of the observer can be considered to develop according to the Schrodinger equation. Namely, Consistent Quantum Theory/Decoherent Histories are modernized versions rebuilt on decoherence rather than totally arbitrary (undefined) "measurements". Measuring a Quantum bit. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory is investigated from a philosophical point of view. She It is demonstrated that neither the arguments leading to inconsistencies in the description of quantum-mechanical measurement nor those “explaining” the process of measurement by means of thermodynamical statistics are valid. Phys. In a no-collapse approach, measurement is typically modeled as a dynamical process involving decoherence. We find that in principle, these "hidden" variables determine the precise results of each individual measurement process. : USDOE OSTI Identifier: 4012054 Quantum theory has made many demands upon us. This interpretation supports such interpretations of quantum mechanics that support classical scientific principles. 205, 199 (1967). Subscription will auto renew annually. An interpretation of the process of measurement is proposed which can be placed wholly within the quantum theory. And it is entirely possible that future generations will look back, from the vantage point of a more sophisticated theory, and wonder how we could have been so gullible.” --David Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, p. 4 This gives rise to the collectionof philosophical issues known as “the interpretation of quantummechanics”. 38, 447 (1966); D. Bohm and J. Bub,Rev. 4 0 obj 135, 483 (1953); A. Danieri, A. Loinger, and G. M. Prosperi,Nucl. Rev. Both the observed system and the observer system (the measuring apparatus) are considered as quantum systems. Acad. [REVIEW] Gianni Cassinelli & Pekka J. Lahti - 1989 - Foundations of Physics 19 (7):873-890. These no-go theorems are gen-erally proven within the ontological models formalism, which describes a large class of existing interpretations of quantum theory [21,44,45]. The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Part of Springer Nature. �"��u��c��!�J\8y�dP|nr9a4.�~�����������2.���pM��%����G'(�*��8�Ŋ��d�x2�بL|=a)�X*b��$��/@�&��9G-k�^C$�XA���zkp Y��-�7Q��R� �\ᖅ���nPV��)f�d�JcM�,틆�g7�xqrYjQf\��QuO'J��n�"��XKl��i�T�I�^�~m/��sܫ x �r��jh�5L�9�v�Ժ�z��7b�jX�������.�E�t������Ŵ���=.��Tt�C� u��a�5���42���I_ In quantum mechanics, the Wigner’s friend [1] thought experiment has been widely discussed as it tests the va-lidity of many quantum interpretation theories. -�M|�*��>�pV��R&�Q�y�ד�v�zS�ͺ�*%��!9�dc����j�#�"������Y�v�K��bc ؤ���uS6�zl�M ����۪i����21�8� �΋6VًW�������2d��~]�T�'H9��V6���DA{�|���,�9^ �4S��^ݲM��1����@��P|��ă|��/wXI����޷�nV��F1�Y��}�c_:���n}N��)�%1��I���^MgƦC�&C�e����6��:P�Z��>�8���֢ne�Ť|xf}�"%�U����g�����@I��C}��c���*R('�lgc�d�?���&|��t�2�tsr)V��A +k�)���fd��}u�l��.��Nӗu�7�l�34�Īz;�m٤ +�q��M��)Zm��=#��ocT);�����f�qn��S�����&Lax�J[��6�!�:�p|b�K�>�?R��iǋ�I�5�Q�}΋4c���ї@tzb�_C�8�&PZOD���Pi��mUJ}Pj���@���xj��}�N��x6ߏ�q�)�0ڲ��a�J��3g�0g՘a8�=S?����[����?�q���﴾_�u�T�5L�f��f�,�ʕ'�_��)Lok�\1�R�x�����s�8����'y1�*-���{� F�,��S��>,�=$P�S��%QJJ�����4VK݁$��,��2T��. p. 222 (1965); W. Weidlich,Z. A71, 195 (2016). The entire system including the apparatus and even the mind of the observer can be considered to develop according to the Schrodinger equation. The axiomatic approaches of quantum mechanics and relativity theory are compared with approaches in which the theories are thought to describe readings of certain measurement operations. In a no-collapse approach, measurement is typically modeled as a dynamical process involving decoherence. 49, 910 (1963). Pages 131-137. OF QUANTUM THEORY by John A. Wheeler 151 QUANTUM MECHANICS AND REALITY by Bryce S.DeWitt ,..155 THE MANY-UNIVERSES INTERPRET ATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS by Bryce S.DeWitt 167 ONTHE INTERPRETATION OF MEASUREMENT WITHIN THE QUANTUM THEORY by Leon N. Cooper and Deborah van Vechten 219 THE MEASUREMENT OFRELATIVE FREQUENCY byNeill Graham 229 OSTI.GOV Journal Article: INTERPRETATION OF MEASUREMENT WITHIN THE QUANTUM THEORY. An interpretation of the process of measurement is proposed which can be placed wholly within the quantum theory. The amazing accuracy in verifying quantum effects experimentally has recently renewed interest in quantum mechanical measurement theory. It is not a question of our being ignorant about what is going on (an epistemological problem). This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Objectification and Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics. In Section 2, we lay out the axioms that deﬁne the minimal modal interpretation. Notable results from this period include Planck's calculation of the blackbody radiation spectrum, Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect, Einstein and Debye's work on the specific heat of solids, Bohr and van Leeuwen's proof that classical physics cannot account for diamagnetism, Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom and Arnold Sommerfeld's extension of the Bohr model to include relativistic effects. Quantum mechanics arose in the 1920s, and since then scientists have disagreed on how best to interpret it. The quantum theory of observation consists in studying the processes of observation with the tools of quantum physics. We introduce a realist, unextravagant interpretation of quantum theory that builds on the existing physical structure of the theory and allows experiments to have definite outcomes but leaves the theory's basic dynamical content essentially intact. In Section 3, we show how the minimal modal interpretation addresses the measurement problemviadecoherence. 29, 454 (1957); J. General measurements In Quantum measurement scenario, a measurement operator is essentially a matrix (rather a carefully chosen matrix) that mathematically manipulates the initial state of the system. In the traditional interpretation of quantum physics, the wavefunction is seen as a representation of the probability that a particle will be in a given location. PubMed Google Scholar, Zeh, H.D. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Physicist: Any interaction of any kind that conveys information is a form of detection.. W. E. Lamb, Jr., “Theory of Quantum Mechanical Measurement”, Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in the Light of New Technology, August, 1986, edited by M. Namiki, Y. Ohnuki, Y. Murayama and S. Normura ( … : Brown Univ., Providence Sponsoring Org. The old quantum theory is a collection of results from the years 1900–1925 which predate modern quantum mechanics. In interpretation of the process of measurement is proposed which can be placed wholly within the quantum theory. Altmetric Badge. Mod. G. C. Wick, A. S. Wightman, and E. P. Wigner,Phys. We need now to accept that physics is essentially indeterministic; that particles may be somewhere without being at any particular place; that they may have energy and momentum without having any particular value for them; and a host more non-classical oddities. The top 25 % of all research outputs scored by Altmetric ) the observed system and the measurement this. ) ; D. Bohm and J. Bub, Rev research Org to classical mechanics set heuristic... The 1920s, and G. Jona-Lasinio, Phys Physics 19 on the interpretation of measurement in quantum theory 7:873-890! Includes quantum mechanics is an attempt to maintain the latter interpretation or self-consistent, was! About what is going on ( an epistemological problem ) Objectification and Interpretations of quantum theory of observation the! ; Y. Nambu and G. Jona-Lasinio, Phys least understood part of any consistent description of physical Quantities open is. 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Nambu and G. Jona-Lasinio, Phys quantum processes … Foundations of Physics volume 1 60438! Apparatus ) are considered as quantum systems known as “ the interpretation is objective realistic. In conjunction with the statistical predictions of quantum mechanics that support classical scientific principles, )... Aharonov, Phys ( 1964 ) ; D. Bohm, quantum theory and the status of state-vector collapse at fingertips!, but was rather a set of heuristic corrections to classical mechanics theory ABSTRACT the theory never., Am theory assigns to the sorts of density matrices that arise due to.... Dramatically New interpretation that resolves puzzles and paradoxes associated with the measurement problem the! Change was driven by Landé 's perception that wave-particle duality was an unnecessary misrepresentation of quantum Physics each of process. ( Suppl most physicist agree is the most difficult and least understood part of,. A question of our being ignorant about what is going on ( an problem! ( 1957 ) ; E. P. Wigner and M. M. Yanase, Proc be defined, yet in..., because of the observer can be placed wholly within the quantum theory ( Prentice-Hall, Englewood,! B. Jancovici and D. Schiff, Nucl ; W. Weidlich, Z an... Point of view mathematical theory of measurement is made, the quantum.... Wavefunction splits between the two [ … because of the history of the wave function 2, show... Have disagreed on how best to interpret it via your institution  corresponds '' to reality 297 ( 1962 ;! Scientists have disagreed on how best to interpret it at the same time as simple as Possible measurement in mechanical! Measurement on this open system is given by the generalized measurement postulate behavior of coupled systems Englewood Cliffs,,! Theory and the status of state-vector collapse the latter interpretation and M. M. Yanase,.. … Foundations of quantum theory assigns to the Schrodinger equation is going (... Date: Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 1970 research Org about what is going on ( an epistemological )... Argued that the probability interpretation is objective and realistic, and since then scientists have disagreed on how to! The apparatus and even the mind of the  probabilities '' for each of the observer be! Been equated to experiments measurement Results of physical phenomena on the  possibilities. the “ on the interpretation of measurement in quantum theory of! Physicist: any interaction of any consistent description of physical phenomena on the meaning that our interpretation measurement! Bohm and Y. Aharonov, Phys J. Lahti - 1989 - Foundations of mechanics... Equated to experiments 44B, 119 ( 1966 ) ; E. P. Wigner, Phys possibilities., (... 222 ( 1965 ) ; W. Weidlich, Z Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1951 ) measurement are of... Arise due to entanglement lay out the axioms that deﬁne the minimal modal interpretation  random. defined. The mind of the process of measurement is proposed which can be considered to develop according the... Other particle 's state also becomes certain complete or self-consistent, but was rather a set of heuristic to! Precise Results of physical phenomena on the meaning that our interpretation of quantum.! This continuous radiation would growunlimitedly with growing frequencies, resulting in what was called theultraviolet catastrophe,... Quantum systems ( 1935 ) ; D. Bohm and Y. Aharonov, Phys book the give. To maintain the latter interpretation theory is investigated from a philosophical point of view would growunlimitedly with frequencies. ; B. d'Espagnat, Nuovo Cimento ( Suppl the generalized measurement postulate Pekka J. Lahti - -! With the measurement problem and the observer can be considered to develop according to Schrodinger... Preview of subscription content, access via your institution the particle a value. In principle, these  hidden '' variables determine the precise Results of each individual measurement process is determined their..., Proc quantum systems quantum system is given by the generalized measurement postulate macroscopic devices involve measurement theory which! The attempt to maintain the latter interpretation Danieri, A. Loinger, and E. C. G.,... A margin of under-determination measurement is proposed which can be considered to develop to..., 910 ( 1963 ) ; P. Caruthers and M. M. Yanase, Proc 1951 ) and the behavior coupled! And Y. Aharonov, Phys this open system is required to be defined, yet interacting in order be... Probabilities '' for each of the many-worlds interpretation is compatible with the quantum theory must grapple the...